Introduction

1. Understanding the Essence of Service: Service Defined : At its core, to serve means to provide...

Syllabus and Exam Pattern

After successfully watching this video, you will learn about 1. The Scheme of civil service exam...

Lower Paleolithic Age

Lower Paleolithic Age (2.5 million years ago to 3 lakh years ago): 1. Definition and Significance...

Middle and Upper Paleolithic Ages

I. Middle Paleolithic Age Historical Context: Often referred to as the "Middle Stone Age", thi...

Mesolithic and Neolithic Ages

Mesolithic Age (10,000 BCE - 4,500 BCE)** Overview -The Mesolithic period is commonly known as...

Indus Valley Civilization

Indus Valley Civilization The Indus Valley Civilization, tracing back to the Bronze Age around 2...

Ochre Coloured Pottery and Cemetery H Cultures

Ochre Coloured Pottery (2000BC to 1500BC) - Era: Bronze Age. - Notable Features: - Prominenc...

Black and Red Ware Culture

Introduction: - The Black and Red Ware culture flourished more than 3,000 years ago, representing a...

Painted Grey Ware Culture

Painted Grey Ware Era (1300BC to 300BC) - Iron Age Indian Culture Painted Grey Ware (PGW) is a ty...

Vedic Period

Vedic Period Time Frame: 1500 BCE to 500 BCE. Key Divisions: Early Vedic or Rigvedic Period (150...

Mahajanapadas

Introduction to the Mahajanapada Period: - Meaning of 'Mahajanapada': 'Maha' (great) + 'Janapada' (...

Haryanka Dynasty

Haryanka Dynasty Introduction: The Haryanka dynasty is a foundational pillar in the history of...

Shishunaga Dynasty

Shishunaga Dynasty Overview: The Shishunaga Dynasty represents a significant chapter in ancien...

Emergence of Kingdoms

1. Nanda dynasty - 450 to 322 BC 1. Nandas overthew the Shishunaga dynasty in the Magadha region....

3 Empires and Delhi Sultanate

1. Gurjara - Pratihara dynasty (c.730 to 1036 AD) 1. Capitals at Avanti and Kannauj. 2. Major ru...

Cholas and Deccan Kingdoms

1. Chola Dynasty ( 300 BC - 1279 AD) 1. Tamil thalassocratic (maritime) empire. 2. Capitals at ...

Mughals - Babur to Aurangzeb

Mughal Empire (1526 - 1857) 1. Babur (1483 - 1530) aka Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad 1. He was the fou...

Marathas, Sikhs and Rajputs

1. Maratha Empire or Maratha Confederacy (1674-1818) 1. Maratha Empire was a dominant power durin...

East India Company and 1857 Revolt

The British East India Company rule 1757 - 1858 1. The British East India Company defeated the N...

Socio-religious Reform - Part 1

1. Dharma Sabha 1. Dharma Sabha was founded by Raja Radhakant Deb in Calcutta in 1830. 2. He wa...

Socio-religious Reforms - Part 2

1. Justice Movement 1. The Justice Party also known as South Indian Liberal Federation was estab...

Growth of national movement

Factors for the growth of nationalism in India 1. External Factors 1. Revolutions and modern ...

Moderate and Militant Nationalism

Moderate phase of the Indian National Congress (1885-1905) 1. Major moderate leaders of the INC-...

National movement 1905 - 15

Shimla Deputation 1. Shimla Deputation was a group of 35 Muslim elite leaders led by the Aga Khan...

Emergence of Gandhi to CDM

Gandhiji's return to India 1. Born on Oct 2, 1869 in Porbandar, Gujarat. Father - diwan of Porban...

Disobedience to Independence

Pre-Civil Disobedience Movement 1. Dec 1928 - Calcutta INC Session approved Nehru Report. 2. Yo...

Ecology - Definition and History

Introduction Ecology, Environment, and Ecosystem are three interrelated terms that form the corne...

Environment and Levels of Organization in Ecology

Introduction to Environment The environment encapsulates the complex tapestry of physical, chemic...

Biotic Interactions

Introduction to Biotic Interactions Biotic Interactions are central to understanding ecological d...

Bio-geo-chemical cycles

Introduction: Bio-geo-chemical cycles are natural pathways through which essential elements circu...

Ecosystem Functions, Benefits, & Types

Introduction to Ecosystems An ecosystem refers to a dynamic and intricate system wherein living o...

Ecosystem Components

Introduction: Ecosystems are intricately woven tapestries where each component plays a significan...

Ecotone and Niche

Ecotone: - Definition: A transitional area where two or more distinct ecosystems meet, resulting ...

Biome and Biosphere

Biome: - A biome represents a vast ecological community. - Defined by distinctive flora (plants) ...

Ecological Succession

Introduction to Ecological Succession: Definition: Ecological succession is the structured process ...

Ecological Pyramid, Energy Flow and Trophic Levels

Ecological Pyramid: Introduction Definition: A graphical representation that showcases relationship...

Food Chain and Food Web

Introduction to the Food Chain Definition: A linear sequence depicting the flow of energy and nutri...

Bioaccumulation, biomagnification and pollutants

Bioaccumulation: Definition: The gradual accumulation of pollutants within an organism's tissues o...

Terrestrial Ecosystem - Tundra

What is the Tundra? The tundra is a vast, treeless landscape situated primarily in the Arctic regio...

Terrestrial Ecosystem - Forests

Introduction to Forest Ecosystem Definition: A forest ecosystem is a dynamic and intricate system...

Types of Forest Ecosystem

Introduction Forest Ecosystems: Diverse natural landscapes that differ based on geographical locati...

Forest Types in India

Introduction: Diversity of Indian Forests Importance: India’s diverse topography and climatic varia...

Deforestation and Indian State of Forest Report

Deforestation: A Definition Description: Refers to the permanent removal or clearing of forests or ...

Terrestrial - Ecosystem Grasslands

Grassland Ecosystems Definition: Grasslands are large expanses predominantly covered by grass, with...

Terrestrial Ecosystem - Deserts

Introduction to Desert Ecosystems Definition: A desert ecosystem is characterized by conditions of ...

Aquatic Ecosystem

Introduction to Aquatic Ecosystems An aquatic ecosystem is an environment in which organisms intera...

Aquatic Organisms - Location based

Introduction Aquatic organisms play vital roles in maintaining the ecological balance of water bodi...

Types of Aquatic Plants

Aquatic plants are vital constituents of marine and freshwater environments. While seagrasses and se...

Lake Ecology

What is Lake Ecology? Lake Ecology explores the relationships and interactions between living organ...

Wetland Ecosystem

Introduction Definition: Wetland ecosystems refer to land areas that remain saturated with water, e...

Mangroves and Corals

Mangroves Introduction Defined as unique ecosystems present along tropical and subtropical coast...

Govt Initiatives to protect Coasts and Ganga

Government Initiatives for Coastal and River Conservation National Mangrove Committee Formed by ...

Article 112, Consolidated Fund et al.

Government Budgeting and Fiscal Policy Article 112 of the Indian Constitution The President sh...

Fiscal Policy, Resources, and Consolidation

Fiscal Policy 1. To raise revenue through taxation and borrowing. (Budget) 2. To decide amounts ...

Revenue Receipt, Expenditure and Deficit

Revenue Budget - Revenue Receipt, Revenue Expenditure and Revenue Deficit Revenue Receipts 1. ...

Capital Budget and Fiscal Deficit

Capital Budget - Capital Receipt, Capital Expenditure and Capital Deficit Capital Receipts 1. ...

Budget Highlights and the FRBM Act

Data in the Budget (Financial Year 2022-23) presented on February 01, 2022 1. Budgetary Estimates...

WMAs and Public Debt

Ad-hoc Treasury Bills 1. A mode of deficit financing by Government in mid-1950's (During the 1st...

Fiscal Policy Terminologies

Zero Base Budgeting (ZBB) 1. It was established in the Union Budget 1987 for government departmen...

Monetary Policy and the RBI

Monetary and Credit policy 1. Monetary policies are macroeconomic policies by the Reserve Bank of...

Functions of the RBI

Functions of the RBI 1. Promotional functions 1. The RBI had helped in the setting up of Indus...

Monetary Policy and Liquidity Trap

Monetary Policy Terminologies 1. Monetary Policy To achieve macroeconomic goals such as the l...

Monetary Policy Committee

Monetary Policy Committee 1. Section 45ZB of the amended RBI Act, 1934 provides for an empowered...

Instruments of Monetary Policy - Part 1

Instruments of Monetary Policy 1. The main instruments of the monetary policy are Cash Reserve Ra...

Instruments of Monetary Policy - Part 2

Instruments of Monetary Policy 1. Moral Suasion 1. A persuasion measure used by the Reserve B...

Money Supply

Money Supply Money supply is the total value of money circulating in the economy. Money supply ca...

Introduction and Classification

Financial Markets Financial markets refer broadly to any marketplace where the trading of securit...

Money Market Terminologies

Money Market Terminologies Money market basically refers to a section of the financial market whe...

Capital Market Terminologies

Capital Market Terminologies Capital market is a long-term financial market to raise long-term mo...

Schumpeterian Theory

Joseph Alois Schumpeter 1. Austro-American Political economist. 2. Finance Mi...

The FSDC and DFHI

Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC) Formation The Financial Stability and Devel...

Financial Institutions in India

All India Financial Institutions (AIFIs) All India Financial Institutions (AIFIs), Non- Banking F...

The SEBI and Stock Exchanges in India

What is Security Market? Financial market for long-term capital mobilization through shares, secu...

Primary and Secondary Markets and Public Offer Terminologies

Primary Markets Primary markets are new issues market where Company or institutions raise funds o...

Shareholder Rights, Modes of Public Issue, and Price Discovery

Rights of a shareholder 1. Ownership Part-owner of the company, in proportion to their holding i...

The IDR, CDS, and IIBs

Indian Depository Receipts (IDRs) 1. An IDR is a mechanism that allows investors in India to inve...

Mutual Funds and Gold ETFs

Mutual funds From where do you get the vegetables for dinner? Do you grow them in your backyard, ...

Stakeholders and Stock Exchange Terms

Stakeholders of a Stock Exchange 1. Broker Registered member of stock exchange. Buys/sells sh...

Industrial Policy Resolutions During the Nehruvian Era

Industry and Infrastructure Inspiration post-independence 1. Chinese Industrial Cooperatives....

Industrial Policies During the Indira-Morarji Era

Industrial Policies of India (During the Prime Ministership of Indira Gandhi) Prime Minister of In...

Industrial Policies During the Rajiv-Rao Era

Industrial Policies of India (During the Prime Ministership of Rajiv) 6th Prime Minister of India...

Disinvestment - Types, Policy and Proceeds

Disinvestment means selling government equities in Public Sector Enterprises: 1. To mobilize reso...

Service Sector - Introduction, and the Economic Survey Data

What are the activities under the services sector? 1. Trade 2. Hotel and Restaurant 3. Transpor...

IT-BPM, Startups, Tourism, Ports, and Space Sectors

IT-BPM (Information technology - Business Process Management) Sector 1. IT-BPM sector ...

Taxation System (Constitutional Provisions) - Art. 265 to 289 - Part 1

1. Article 265 - No tax shall be levied or collected except by the authority of law. 2. Article 266...

Taxation System (Constitutional Provisions) - Art. 265 to 289 - Part 2

Article 269 (A) - Inserted by the 101st Constitutional Amendment Act in 2016. 1. Levy and collect...

Types, Methods of Taxation, and Fiscal Cliff

Types of Taxes 1. Direct Tax Levied on income/ profits of individuals/ companies. Ex - I...

GST and the Tax Haven

GST Council Concerned act - The Constitution (101st Amendment) Act 2016. Bill - 122nd Constitutio...

Tax Expenditure and the IT Act Provisions

Tax Expenditure -Tax expenditure is the revenue foregone by way of tax exemptions to boost ...

Labour and Unemployment Terminologies

Labour and Unemployment Terminologies Definition of unemployment Inv...

Major crops and cropping patterns

Agriculture and Agrarian Economy - Part 01 Reference books and materials : Indian Economy - Ramesh ...

Irrigation and Foodgrain Storage

Different types of irrigation and irrigation systems play a crucial role in agriculture, ensuring op...

Transportation in Agriculture Sector

Agriculture and Agrarian Economy - Part 03 Reference books and materials : Indian Economy - Ramesh ...

Marketing in Agriculture Sector

Agriculture and Agrarian Economy - Part 04 Reference books and materials : Indian Economy - Ramesh ...

Farm reforms under the Modi Government

Agriculture and Agrarian Economy - Part 05 Reference books and materials : Indian Economy - Ramesh ...

E- Technology in the aid of farmers - Part 1

Pros and Cons of IT in Agriculture 1. Farming and IT seems to be the most distantly placed know...

E-Technology in the aid of farmers - Part 2

Empowering Agriculture Through Technology The agricultural sector, often grappling with uncertain...

Issues related to subsidies and MSP

Understanding Subsidies: In the intricate realm of Indian agriculture, subsidies emerge as multif...

Drainage - Peninsular Rivers - Part 1

East Flowing Peninsular Rivers: 1. River Mahanadi Course in Chattisgarh Mahanadi originates f...

Drainage - Peninsular Rivers - Part 2

River Kaveri Course in Karnataka Kaveri rises at Talakaveri in Brahmagiri range of Western Ghats...

Himalaya and National Parks

Major Mountain Ranges of the World 1. Himalayas Location and extend Himalayas are located...

Physical Geography - Orogenic Process

Three important ranges of Himalayas 1.Shivalik Range (aka Outer Himalayas) 1. Features - souther...

Physical Geography - Climatology

Climate includes the study of temperature, rainfall, atmospheric pressure, wind direction and its ve...

Indian Constitution - History and Evolution

Indian Constitution - Evolution and the history Regulating Act of 1773. -Act of the Parliam...

Indian Councils Act of 1861, 1892, and 1909

Indian Councils Act 1861 Nominations of Indians -As non-official members to the legislative co...

Acts of 1919, 1935, 1947, and the Cabinet

Government of India Act of 1919 -Also known as Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms. -Aug 20, 1917 - Brit...

Sources of the Indian Constitution Part - 01

VARIOUS SOURCES OF THE CONSTITUTION Government of India Act of 1935 Federal...

Sources of the Indian Constitution Part - 02

Australian Constitution Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse -The freedom of trade, com...

Framing of the Constitution

Framing of the Constitution Ideation stage -1934 - M.N Roy proposed the idea of an independent...

Preamble of the Constitution

The Preamble of the constitution About Preamble -'Preamble’ refers to the intr...

Union and its Territory

THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY Articles 1 to 4 under Part I of the Constitution deal with the Union ...

The Citizenship - Articles 5 to 11

Citizenship (Part 2, Articles 5-11) The Constitution confers following rights & privileges on cit...

Fundamental Rights - Articles 12 to 18

Fundamental Rights (Part 3 of Constitution / Articles 12 - 35) Article 1...

Fundamental Rights - Articles 19 to 23

Fundamental Rights (Part 3 of the Constitution / Articles 19 - 23) Art...

Fundamental Rights - Articles 24 to 30

Fundamental rights (Part 3 of the Constitution / Articles 24 - 30) Article 24 ...

Fundamental Rights - Articles 31 to 35

Fundamental rights (Part 3 of the Constitution / Articles 31 - 35) ...

Directive Principles of State Policy - Articles 36 to 51

Directive Principles of State Policy (Part 4 of the Constitution / Articles 36 - 51) ...

Fundamental Duties - Article 51 A

Fundamental Duties (Part 4 A of the Constitution / Article 51 A) It lists the duties that every c...

The President of India - Articles 52 to 62

President of India (Part 5 The Union - Articles 52 - 62) Article...

Vice-President, Council of Ministers, and Attorney General

Part 5 - Chapter 1 of the Constitution Vice-President of India (Articles 63 - 71) Article 63...

Parliament of India - Articles 79 to 98

Parliament (Articles 79 - 98) - Part 5 Chapter 2 of the Constitution Article 79 - Constitution of...

Parliament of India - Articles 99 to 111

Article 99 - Oath or affirmation by members 1. Every member of either house of parliament must ta...

Parliament of India - Articles 112 to 123

Article 112 - Annual financial statement (AFS) 1. President must present to LS & RS an AFS showin...

Supreme Court of India - Articles 124 to 137

The Supreme Court of India (Articles 124 - 147, Part 5 - Chapter IV The Union Judiciary) Articl...

Supreme Court - Art.138 to 147; Comptroller and Auditor-General - Art. 148 to 151

Article 138 - Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court 1. The SC shall have additiona...

Governor, State Ministers, and Advocate-General

Part VI The States - Chapter I General & Chapter II The Executive Govern...

State Legislatures - Articles 168 to 190

State Legislature (Articles 168 - 213 / Part VI - Chapter III) Article 168 - Constitution of Legi...

State Legislatures - Articles 191 to 213

Article 191 - Disqualifications for Membership A person is ineligible to be a member of a state's...

High Courts - Articles 214 to 232

High Courts (Articles 214 - 232) Article 214 - High Courts for States Ther...

Subordinate Courts and Union Territories

Subordinate Courts (Articles 233 - 237) Article 233 - Appo...

Panchayats Part 01 - Articles 243 to 243 G

Panchayats (Articles 243 - 243O / Part IX of Indian constitution) Article...

Panchayats Part 02 - Articles 243 H to 243 O

Article 243H - Powers to impose taxes by, and funds of, the Panchayats The state legislature may...

Municipalities Part 01 - Articles 243 P to 243 Y

Municipalities (Part IX - A / Articles 243 P - 243 ZG) Article 243 P - Def...

Municipalities Part 02 - Articles 243 Z to 243 ZG

Article 243 Z - Audit of accounts of Municipalities The state legislature can make laws regarding...

Cooperative Societies Part 01 - Articles 243 ZH to 243 ZP

Co-operative Societies Part 01 Articles 243 ZH - 243 ZT Inserted by the 97th Constitution Am...

Cooperatives Part 02, and Scheduled and Tribal Areas

Article 243 ZQ - Offences and Penalties. The State Legislature may make laws for offenses and pen...

Centre-State Legislative Relations - Articles 245 to 255

Centre - State Legislative Relations (Articles 245 - 255) Article 245 - E...

Centre-State Administrative Relations - Articles 256 to 263

Centre - State Administrative Relations (Articles 256 - 263) Article 256...

Centre-State Financial Relations Part 01 - Articles 264 to 273

Centre - State Financial Relations (Articles 264 - 293) Article 264 - Inte...

Centre-State Financial Relations Part 02 - Articles 274 to 283

Article 274 - Prior recommendation of President required to Bills affecting taxation in which States...

Centre-State Financial Relations Part 03 - Articles 284 to 293

Article 284 - Custody of suitors’ deposits and other moneys received by public servants and courts. ...

Right of Govt, to property, and trade - Articles 294 to 307

Rights and Liabilities of the Government (Article 294-300) Articl...

Public Services, Commissions, and Tribunals - Articles 308 to 323 B

Public Services (Article - 308-314) Article 308 - Interpretation. The term "State" excludes Ja...

Elections, Special Provisions Part 01 - Articles 324 to 337

Elections (Article 324-329A) Article 324 - Superintendence, d...

Special Provisions Part 2, and Official Language - Articles 338 to 351

Article 338 - National Commission for Scheduled Castes. 1. There is a Commission for Scheduled Ca...

Emergency Provisions - Articles 352 to 360

Emergency Provisions (Article 352-360) Article 352 - Proclamation of Emerg...

Miscellaneous Provisions, and Constitution Amendment- Articles 361 to 368

Article 361-367: Miscellaneous Provisions Article 361: Protection of President, Governors, and Ra...

Temporary Provisions Part 01- Articles 369 to 373

Temporary, Transitional, and Special Provisions (Article 369-392) Article 369: Temporary power to...

Temporary Provisions P 2, & Short Title - Articles 374 to 395

Article 374 - Provisions as to Judges of the Federal Court and proceedings pending in the Federal Co...