<h4 class="cvGsUA direction-ltr align-start para-style-body">SEBI</h4>
&nbsp;
1. T+0 Settlement Proposed by SEBI
2. India International Trade Fair - VAISHVIK SAMRIDHI KA ADHAAR, BHARAT KA SHARE BAZAR
3. Commodities Derivatives - Ban on Paddy (non-basmati), Wheat, Chana, Mustard seeds and its derivatives (its complex), Soya bean and its derivatives (its complex), Crude Palm Oil, Moong.
4. New Logo of SEBI
5. Simplification of on-boarding of clients
6. Disclosure of risks in trading of Futures and Options
7. Working Groups to recommend on simplification of compliance
8. SEBI Investor Protection and Education Fund
9. Difference between IPO and NFO.
10. New IPOs and their rally especially govt owned - IRFC, IRE etc.
11. Equity/F&amp;O Market Terms
&nbsp;
<h4 class="cvGsUA direction-ltr align-start para-style-body">NPCI</h4>
&nbsp;
1. UPI Lite - UPI Lite X, UPI Tap &amp; Pay
2. UPI 123 Pay
3. e-RUPI
4. BHIM Aadhaar Pay
5. AePS and Micro ATM (POS)
6. National Financial Switch
7. Cheque Truncation System (CTS)
8. NETC FASTag
9. IMPS
10. National Automated Clearing House (NACH)
11. BHIM
12. Rupay
&nbsp;
<h4 class="cvGsUA direction-ltr align-start para-style-body">RBI</h4>
&nbsp;
1. Money Market Operations
2. Negotiable Instruments Act 1881
3. Banking Regulation Act 1949
4. T-Bill Auction
5. G-Sec Auction
6. Services and Infrastructure Outlook Survey (Quarterly)
7. Industrial Outlook Survey (Quarterly)
8. Michael Patra reappointed as Deputy Governor
9. Reserve Money
10. KLEMS Database
11. India&rsquo;s International Investment Position (IIP)
12. Sovereign Gold Bond
13. Consumer Confidence Survey
14. Inflation Expectations Survey of Households
15. Payments Infrastructure Development Fund
16. Domestically Systematic Important Bank (D-SIB)
17. Financial Stability Report
18. Standing Deposit Facility and Marginal Standing Facility
19. FEMA 1999
20. Balance of Payments
21. Monetary Policy Committee Meeting
22. Omnibus Framework for recognising Self-Regulatory Organisations for its Regulated Entities
23. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)
24. On Tap application
25. India&rsquo;s International Trade in Services
26. Withdrawal of 2000 denomination banknotes
27. All-India House Price Index (HPI)<a class="OYPEnA text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none white-space-prewrap" draggable="false" href="https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=56826" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> </a>
28. Data on India&rsquo;s Invisibles
29. Financial Action Task Force (FATF)<a class="OYPEnA text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none white-space-prewrap" draggable="false" href="https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=56673" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> </a>
30. External Commercial Borrowings (ECB)
31. Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds (FCCB)<a class="OYPEnA text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none white-space-prewrap" draggable="false" href="https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/ECBUserView.aspx?Id=240" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> </a>
32. Rupee Denominated Bonds (RDB)
33. UDGAM (Unclaimed Deposits &ndash; Gateway to Access inforMation) Portal
34. WMA Limit for GoI
35. Liquidity Adjustment Facility
&nbsp;
<h4 class="cvGsUA direction-ltr align-start para-style-body">Road Transport and Highways</h4>
&nbsp;
1. Road Safety Month
2. Inert material in construction of NHs
3. Project Beacon
4. Srinagar-Baramula-Uri (NH-01)
5. Border Roads Organization
6. Flyash in NH construction
7. Use of Bitumen in NH construction
8. Bharatmala
9. Char Dham Pariyojana
10. Setu Bharatam
11. Green Highways (Plantation, Transplantation, Beautification &amp; Maintenance) Policy, 2015
12. Green Cover Index
13. Atal Setu
&nbsp;
<h4 class="cvGsUA direction-ltr align-start para-style-body">Agriculture</h4>
&nbsp;
1. PM-Kisan Samman Nidhi
2. Agriculture Infrastructure Fund
3. ATMA
4. AGMARKNET
5. Pradhanmantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana
6. mKisan
7. Jaivik Kheti
8. e-NAM
9. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana
10. Soil Health Card
11. GI Tags - Similipal Kai Chutney, Gucci Mushroom, Basohli Pashmina &amp; Painting, Loi blankets and Chikri craft.
12. National Mission for Edible Oils &ndash; Oil Palm (NMEO-OP)
13. Nano urea
14. Bhartiya Prakratik Krishi Padhati (BPKP)
15. Kisan Rail
16. Kisan Credit Card
&nbsp;
<h4 class="cvGsUA direction-ltr align-start para-style-body">Commerce and Industry</h4>
&nbsp;
1. India-US Trade Policy Forum
2. Voice of Global South Summit
3. India&rsquo;s overall exports
4. Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII)
5. Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF)
6. Quality Control Orders (QCOs) in Leather Industry
7. India-UAE CEPA
8. India-USA WTO Dispute
&nbsp;
<h4 class="cvGsUA direction-ltr align-start para-style-body">MSME</h4>
&nbsp;
1. PM Vishwakarma Scheme
2. Schemes of MSME Ministry - ASPIRE, SFURTI, etc.
&nbsp;
<h4 class="cvGsUA direction-ltr align-start para-style-body">Mines</h4>
&nbsp;
1. India and Argentina sign agreement for exploration and mining of 5 lithium blocks in Argentina's Catamarca province.
2. National Geoscience Awards
&nbsp;
<h4 class="cvGsUA direction-ltr align-start para-style-body">Skill Development and Entrepreneurship</h4>
&nbsp;
1. Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY)
2. Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Kendras (PMKK)
3. Pradhan Mantri &lsquo;YUVA&rsquo; Yojana
4. SANKALP
&nbsp;
<h4 class="cvGsUA direction-ltr align-start para-style-body">Railways</h4>
&nbsp;
1. Accessible for Divyangjans under Sugamya Bharat Mission
2. Green Railways by 2030
3. &lsquo;Bharat Gaurav&rsquo; Tourist Trains
4. Indian Railways Innovation Portal and Startups for Railways
5. Broad Gauge Network Of 60,814 Km Electrified
6. Ati Vishisht Rail Seva Puraskar
7. Rashtriya Rail Sanraksha Kosh
8. Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor (EDFC) from Ludhiana to Sonnagar (1337 Km)
9. Western Dedicated Freight Corridor (WDFC) from Jawaharlal Nehru Port Terminal (JNPT) to Dadri (1506 Km)
10. Amrit Bharat Station Scheme for the development of stations
11. Kavach - an indigenously developed Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system
12. One Station One Product
13. Special Campaign 3.0 focusing on cleanliness all around, reducing pendency of public matters and improving work-culture at the work places.
14. Indian Railways&rsquo; PSUs, RITES Ltd and IRCON granted Navratna status
15. Shramdaan for Swachhata
16. Swachhata Pakhwada-2023
17. Janaushadhi Kendras (PMBJKs) at some of the railway stations
18. Janjatiya Gaurav Corridor
19. Vande Bharat Express Trains
20. Gati Shakti Multi Cargo Terminals
&nbsp;
<h4 class="cvGsUA direction-ltr align-start para-style-body">Railways - RPF</h4>
&nbsp;
1. Operation "NanheFaristey" - Rescuing Lost Children
2. Anti-Human Trafficking Efforts (Operation AAHT)
3. Operation "Jeevan Raksha" - Saving Lives
4. Empowering Women Passengers - "Meri Saheli" Initiative
5. Cracking Down on Touts (Operation "Uplabdh")
6. Operation "NARCOS" - Combating Drug Crimes
7. Operation "Yatri Suraksha" - Protecting Passengers
8. Curbing Illegal Goods Transport (Operation Satark

Explore essential topics shaping the Indian Economy for UPSC Prelims 2024. Stay one step ahead in the race for success.

UPSC Current Affairs 2024: Key Topics To Revise in Indian Economy

In a world grappling with the urgent need for sustainable solutions, the Getting to Zero Coalition emerges as a beacon of hope for the maritime industry. Comprising over 200 organizations, including 160 companies, this powerful alliance spans the maritime, energy, infrastructure, and finance sectors, united by the shared goal of achieving commercially viable deep-sea zero-emission vessels by 2030 and complete decarbonization by 2050. As a key player in the global efforts to combat climate change, the Coalition's commitment to maritime shipping's moon-shot ambition has the potential to reshape the industry and significantly reduce its environmental impact.
&nbsp;
<h4>The Coalition's Core Mission</h4>
&nbsp;
At its core, the Getting to Zero Coalition is an industry-led platform for collaboration, bringing together stakeholders from across the maritime and fuels value chains, along with the financial sector. Managed by the Global Maritime Forum, in partnership with the World Economic Forum and Friends of Ocean Action, the Coalition's mission is to make commercially viable zero-emission vessels a scalable reality by 2030, paving the way for full decarbonization by 2050.
&nbsp;
<h4>Addressing the Maritime Carbon Footprint</h4>
&nbsp;
International shipping currently contributes 2-3 percent of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while facilitating nearly 80 percent of global trade by volume. Recognizing the urgency of the situation, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has set a target to reduce GHG emissions from shipping by at least 50 percent by 2050. Achieving this ambitious goal requires the deployment of commercially viable zero-emission vessels starting in 2030, with a subsequent scaling up throughout the 2030s and 2040s. Such a transformation demands collaborative efforts between the maritime industry, the energy sector, the financial sector, and governments and international organizations.
&nbsp;
<h4>Green Development and Economic Gains</h4>
&nbsp;
The decarbonization of shipping presents a unique opportunity to drive green development across the world. As the costs of net-zero carbon energy technologies continue to decline, sustainable alternative fuels become increasingly competitive. By fostering determined collective action within the shipping industry, confidence among future fuel suppliers can be boosted, creating a ripple effect that translates into increased demand for zero-emission fuels. This, in turn, could serve as a catalyst for change across other hard-to-abate sectors, accelerating the broader energy transition.
&nbsp;
<h4>New Marine Fuels and Economic Growth</h4>
&nbsp;
The development of new marine fuels derived from abundant renewable resources holds the promise of substantial economic gains. Ports and shipping already play a crucial role in many countries' economic growth, and if shipping becomes a reliable source of demand for zero-emission fuels, it has the potential to drive investment in energy projects in developing and middle-income countries. The vision of the Getting to Zero Coalition is clear: advance Zero Emission Vessels (ZEVs) to support the transformational change toward a decarbonized, sustainable, and affordable shipping industry.
&nbsp;
Reference: Global Maritime Forum and World Economic Forum

The Getting to Zero Coalition, a dynamic alliance of 200+ organizations, is steering the maritime industry toward a sustainable future. Committed to deploying commercially viable zero-emission vessels by 2030 and achieving full decarbonization by 2050, the Coalition's collaborative approach aims to transform global shipping, reduce emissions, and drive economic growth.

Getting to Zero Coalition - UPSC Current Affairs

In finance, companies use clever moves to make their shareholders happier and their stocks easier to buy and sell. One of these moves is a stock split. Cochin Shipyard is getting ready for a stock split starting January 10, 2024. It's like a strategic step to make things better in the world of money for them.
&nbsp;
<h4>What Is a Stock Split?</h4>
 A stock split is a corporate action where a company increases its number of shares outstanding to enhance liquidity. The total market value of the shares remains constant as the split merely divides existing shares, typically in ratios like 2-for-1 or 3-for-1. For every share held before the split, shareholders end up with two or three shares after, respectively.
&nbsp;
<h4>How a Stock Split Works</h4>
 Companies opt for stock splits to make their shares more affordable and attractive to a wider investor base. The increased number of shares outstanding aims to boost liquidity, facilitating smoother trading. Cochin Shipyard's recent decision to sub-divide its equity shares from Rs 10 to Rs 5 exemplifies this strategy. Despite the increase in shares, the overall market capitalization remains unchanged.
&nbsp;
<h4>Advantages of a Stock Split</h4>
 Stock splits offer several advantages for companies. Firstly, they make shares more affordable for investors, especially when the stock price is high. This accessibility can lead to increased investor interest and, subsequently, a positive impact on the stock price. Additionally, the higher number of shares outstanding enhances liquidity, narrowing bid-ask spreads and making trading more efficient. Stock splits are often seen as a bullish signal, reflecting confidence in the company's future growth.&nbsp;Cochin Shipyard's decision to undergo a stock split suggests a forward-looking approach, potentially signaling confidence in the company's trajectory.
&nbsp;
<h4>Disadvantages of a Stock Split</h4>
 While stock splits can be beneficial, they come with their own set of challenges. The process is costly, involving legal complexities and adherence to regulatory laws. Despite the increased number of shares, a stock split doesn't alter the fundamental position of a company or create additional value.&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Reference: Investopedia and Moneycontrol
Image: Cochin Shipyard

Cochin Shipyard announced an ex-split with effect from January 10, 2024. This strategic move, subdividing its equity shares, aims to enhance accessibility, liquidity, and investor confidence. In this article, let us look into stock splits in light of Cochin Shipyard's strategic move.

Explaining Stock Splits in Light of Cochin Shipyard's Ex-Split

In a remarkable feat of precision and engineering prowess, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) accomplished the Halo-Orbit Insertion (HOI) of its solar observatory spacecraft, Aditya-L1, on January 6, 2024. This critical mission phase not only highlights ISRO's capabilities in complex orbital maneuvers but also sets the stage for groundbreaking advancements in solar observation.
&nbsp;
<h4>The Aditya-L1 Mission</h4>
 The Aditya-L1 mission is an Indian solar observatory positioned at Lagrangian point L1, focusing on comprehending the chromospheric and coronal dynamics of the Sun in a continuous manner. Placing Aditya-L1 in a Halo orbit around L1 offers distinct advantages over a Low Earth Orbit (LEO), such as smooth Sun-spacecraft velocity changes, exposure to the solar wind and particles, and uninterrupted observation of the Sun with continuous communication to ground stations.
&nbsp;
<h4>Halo Orbit Insertion Process</h4>
 The Halo orbit insertion process began as Aditya-L1 crossed the XZ plane in the Sun-Earth-L1 rotating system. This maneuver aimed to nullify the X and Z velocity components, achieving the required Y-velocity in the L1 rotating frame for the Halo orbit. The targeted Halo orbit for Aditya-L1 involved precise coordinates, emphasizing Ax: 209200 km, Ay: 663200 km, and Az: 120000 km.
&nbsp;
<h4>A critical mission phase</h4>
 The insertion of Aditya-L1 into this Halo orbit represented a critical mission phase, demanding precise navigation and control. Success required constant monitoring and adjustment of the spacecraft's speed and position using onboard thrusters. This achievement not only showcases ISRO's capabilities in intricate orbital maneuvers but also instills confidence in handling future interplanetary missions.
&nbsp;
<h4>Journey to the Halo Orbit</h4>
 Aditya-L1, designed and realized at UR Rao Satellite Centre (URSC) with collaboration from various ISRO centers, embarked on an extraordinary journey after its launch on September 2, 2023. The spacecraft, carried by PSLV-C57, progressively increased its orbital size with five liquid engine burns during the Earth orbit phase. These burns culminated in the trans-L1 injection (TL1I) maneuver, carefully executed to minimize velocity addition and exposure to radiation belts.
&nbsp;
<h4>Challenges and Solutions</h4>
 To address errors during the TL1I phase, two short burns, TCM-1 and TCM-2, were conducted on October 5, 2023, and December 14, 2023, respectively. These maneuvers ensured compliance with Halo orbit insertion condition parameters. The spacecraft underwent a cruise phase lasting approximately 110 days to achieve the required condition for HOI targeted on January 6, 2024.
&nbsp;
Reference and image: ISRO

ISRO's Aditya-L1 achieves a groundbreaking milestone with successful Halo-Orbit Insertion, positioning the solar observatory at Lagrangian point L1 for continuous Sun observation. This precision maneuver underscores ISRO's expertise in complex orbital operations, promising valuable insights into solar dynamics and reinforcing India's prowess in space exploration.

Aditya-L1 Solar Observatory Successfully Achieves Halo-Orbit Insertion

In its continuous pursuit of promoting quality education, the University Grants Commission (UGC) introduced the Quality Mandate initiative in 2019. As part of this initiative, guidelines were developed under the banner of "Mulya Pravah &mdash; Inculcation of Human Values and Professional Ethics in Higher Educational Institutions." These guidelines have undergone a significant revision, incorporating the key recommendations of the National Education Policy, 2020 (NEP-2020) announced on July 29, 2020. The result is the unveiling of Mulya Pravah 2.0, a comprehensive framework that aims to shape the curriculum and pedagogy of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) to instill deep respect for Fundamental Duties, Constitutional Values, and universal human values.
&nbsp;
<h4>Revised Guidelines - Mulya Pravah 2.0</h4>
 Mulya Pravah 2.0 emphasizes the development of a value-based environment in higher education, aligning with the core principles outlined in the NEP-2020. The guidelines propose a curriculum and pedagogical approach that nurtures a sense of patriotism, awareness of global responsibilities, and the cultivation of universal human values such as truth, righteousness, peace, love, non-violence, scientific temper, citizenship values, and life skills.
&nbsp;
<h4>Holistic Education and Community Service</h4>
 Integral to Mulya Pravah 2.0 is the incorporation of lessons in seva (service) and active participation in community service programs. These additions aim to instill a sense of social responsibility and empathy among students, fostering a well-rounded educational experience.
&nbsp;
<h4>Objectives of Mulya Pravah 2.0</h4>
&nbsp;
The primary objectives of this initiative are multifaceted, including the reinstatement of India's cultural legacy, focusing on professional ethics, re-emphasizing constitutional and universal values, and creating integrated citizens. The guidelines lay down broader principles for internal and external stakeholders, providing operational guidelines for implementing and monitoring value-based and ethical practices in HEIs.
&nbsp;
<h4>Outcomes and Systems</h4>
 Mulya Pravah 2.0 seeks to create institutions with the highest levels of values and ethics. This involves the establishment of six key systems: a holistic learning process, impeccable governance, effective institutional management, a well-structured system of rewards and reprimands, an institutional climate that encourages 'rights' and discourages 'wrongs,' and inward-looking groups and communities promoting justice and equity.
&nbsp;
<h4>Stakeholder Values and Ethics</h4>
 The success of Mulya Pravah 2.0 is intrinsically tied to the commitment of faculty members, officers, staff, and students to value-based ethical behavior. The guidelines outline core values for stakeholders, including integrity, trusteeship, harmony, accountability, inclusiveness, commitment, respectfulness, belongingness, sustainability, constitutional values, and global citizenship.
&nbsp;
Image: jnu.ac.in

Mulya Pravah 2.0 integrates National Education Policy recommendations into higher education emphasizing values and ethics. With a focus on cultural legacy, professional ethics, and universal values, it promotes holistic education, community service, and stakeholder commitment, shaping institutions as ethical hubs fostering global citizenship.

Mulya Pravah 2.0 - A revamped initiative by the UGC

The establishment of the Global Nuclear Order (GNO) can be traced back to the aftermath of the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, a pivotal moment where the United States and the Soviet Union assumed leadership roles. In 1963, a significant development occurred with the creation of a hotline between the superpowers, initially a bilateral channel that facilitated direct dialogue. This milestone paved the way for subsequent arms control negotiations. By 1965, multilateral negotiations in Geneva focused on formulating a treaty to curb the proliferation of nuclear weapons, marking a crucial step in shaping the framework of the GNO.
&nbsp;
<h4>Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)</h4>
&nbsp;
The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), presented formally in 1968, aimed to prevent the further spread of nuclear weapons. However, India chose not to sign and conducted a peaceful nuclear explosive in 1974. In response to India's 1974 nuclear test, the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) was founded, observing guidelines for nuclear-related materials and technologies.
&nbsp;
<h4>Significance of the Global Nuclear Order</h4>
&nbsp;
The enduring taboo against nuclear weapons, upheld since 1945, has played a crucial role in ensuring global survival throughout the nuclear age. Commitment to avoiding nuclear weapon use has been a cornerstone of global security. Arms control negotiations fostered parity among nations, creating stability in arms races and crisis management, preventing the escalation of conflicts.
&nbsp;
The contemporary landscape introduces complexities. The rise of China adds a fresh dimension to global nuclear relations, reshaping dynamics among major powers. Changes in U.S.-Russia treaties, including withdrawals from the ABM and INF treaties, coupled with uncertainties surrounding the New START Treaty, signify a shifting geopolitical landscape. The U.S. faces challenges from Russia and China, and incidents like the Ukraine war contribute further to uncertainty.
&nbsp;
Technological advancements challenge the 75-year-old non-proliferation paradigm. Instances like the AUKUS deal, established in 2021, amplify concerns within the NPT community. AUKUS, a security initiative involving Australia, the UK, and the U.S., focuses on supporting Australia in obtaining nuclear-powered submarines, marking a significant transformation in regional security dynamics.
&nbsp;
<h4>Changing Perspectives</h4>
&nbsp;
In the complex landscape of global nuclear dynamics, South Korea and Japan reconsider their positions. South Korea, once contemplative, joined the NPT, but recent polls indicate a growing inclination towards a national nuclear deterrent. Historically anti-nuclear Japan shows signs of a shift, doubling defense spending. Major players intensify nuclear capabilities, contributing to a global inventory of 12,512 warheads by January 2023. The suspension of strategic stability dialogues adds uncertainties.
&nbsp;
Conventions Regulating the Global Nuclear Order
&nbsp;
Conventions regulating the GNO include the NPT (1968), CTBT, the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (2017), export control groupings (NSG, MTCR), and the IAEA Safeguards Agreement. India's non-signatory status to the NPT adds complexity, balancing civilian nuclear energy pursuits and maintaining a nuclear deterrence policy.
&nbsp;
Global nuclear challenges include the proliferation of weapons, challenges in arms control agreements, modernization, and emerging technologies. Threats from non-state actors acquiring nuclear materials and cyber threats add complexity. Geopolitical tensions heighten instability due to the USA and Russia's withdrawal from treaties. Ensuring safety and security remains a persistent challenge.
&nbsp;
<h4>India's Position in the Global Nuclear Order</h4>
&nbsp;
India's complex position, marked by non-membership in the NPT, adds layers of complexity. Ongoing nuclear arsenal expansion raises regional stability concerns amid historical animosities with Pakistan. Nuclear dynamics between India and Pakistan pose challenges, with the risk of conflict looming. India's nuclear policy is influenced by China's modernization efforts, contributing to regional tensions.
&nbsp;
Reference: The Hindu
Image: US Department of Defense

The Global Nuclear Order (GNO) originated post the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, led by the U.S. and U.S.S.R. The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) formed in 1968 aimed to curb nuclear spread, but India's non-signatory stance highlights perceived discrimination. The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) emerged in response to India's 1974 nuclear test. GNO's significance lies in arms race stability and evolving geopolitics.

Global Nuclear Order - UPSC Current Affairs 2024

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has achieved another milestone with the successful launch of the X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat), marking India's debut in X-ray polarimetry missions. This groundbreaking venture aims to explore the polarisation of X-rays from celestial sources, opening new frontiers in astronomical research.
&nbsp;
<h4>XPoSat Mission Overview</h4>
 Launched as part of the 'Beti Bachao Beti Padhao' campaign, XPoSat is the world's second satellite-based mission dedicated to X-ray polarimetry measurements. Positioned in a precise circular orbit of 650 km, the spacecraft comprises two vital payloads: the Indian X-ray Polarimeter (POLIX) and X-ray Spectroscopy and Timing (XSPECT).
&nbsp;
<h4>Scientific Payloads</h4>
 1. POLIX: A pioneering instrument designed to operate in the medium X-ray energy band of 8 to 30 kilo electron Volt (keV). Developed at the Raman Research Institute, POLIX aims to observe astronomical sources, providing crucial data about the polarisation of X-rays from environments surrounding black holes, neutron stars, and more.
&nbsp;
2. XSPECT: Focused on conducting fast timing and high spectroscopic resolution in the soft X-ray energy band (0.8-15 keV), XSPECT will observe a diverse range of sources, including X-ray pulsars, black hole binaries, low-magnetic field neutron stars, active galactic nuclei (AGNs), and magnetars.
&nbsp;
<h4>Significance of XPoSat Mission</h4>
 XPoSat represents a significant leap in X-ray polarimetry as it ventures into the medium energy band (8-30 keV), a realm largely unexplored until now. While traditional methods focused on spectroscopy, imaging, and timing-based data, XPoSat introduces polarisation measurements from bright sources, offering unparalleled insights into celestial bodies.
&nbsp;
<h4>Polarisation of X-rays and Its Study</h4>
 X-rays, comprising electric and magnetic waves, become polarised when emitted from sources like magnetars or black holes. As they traverse through cosmic materials, polarisation measurements provide vital clues about the nature of radiations and the intricate processes occurring in these cosmic phenomena. XPoSat's POLIX will specifically measure the degree and angle of polarisation, enhancing our understanding of the Universe's mysteries.
&nbsp;
<h4>Global Context and Comparison</h4>
 While missions dedicated to X-ray polarimetry have been limited globally, XPoSat stands out for its unique contributions. Unlike balloon-based experiments like HX-POL and XL-Calibur by NASA, XPoSat operates in a low earth orbit for an estimated mission life of five years. It complements NASA's Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) by offering expanded observational energy bandwidth, focusing on the medium X-ray band.
&nbsp;
Reference: IE
Image: ISRO

ISRO's XPoSat mission, the world's second X-ray polarimetry satellite, marks India's foray into this field. With payloads like POLIX and XSPECT, it explores the medium X-ray band, offering unprecedented insights into celestial phenomena. XPoSat's success signifies a significant leap in space science and global astronomical contributions.

ISRO Launches XPoSat - UPSC Current Affairs 2024

A potential crisis was averted as truckers called off their nationwide strike after the Ministry of Home Affairs assured them that the enforcement of the stringent hit-and-run provisions in the Bharatiya Nyay Sanhita would be decided only after consultations with the All India Motor Transport Congress (AIMTC). The strike was triggered by concerns over the new penal provision.
&nbsp;
<h4>New Provisions under the BNS</h4>
&nbsp;
The new provisions under the Bharatiya Nyay Sanhita mandate up to 10 years of imprisonment and/or fines for drivers causing death by rash and negligent driving who flee the scene. The AIMTC, representing transporters, demanded the withdrawal of this provision, citing concerns about potential violence against drivers involved in accidents.
&nbsp;
The contentious provision in question, Section 106(2) of the Bharatiya Nyay Sanhita, targets hit-and-run cases, imposing a potential 10-year prison term if the driver fails to report the incident promptly. The AIMTC expressed concerns over potential mob violence and the safety of drivers, citing instances where drivers faced aggression even when accidents were not their fault.
&nbsp;
<h4>Government's Intention</h4>
&nbsp;
The government defended the need for stricter laws, pointing out that harsher penalties are intended to deter reckless driving and hit-and-run incidents. The Ministry clarified that invoking Section 106(2) would be considered only after consultations, emphasizing that the new laws are not yet in force.
&nbsp;
The strike disrupted supplies and led to panic buying in cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Hyderabad. To manage the situation, authorities in Chandigarh imposed fuel sale caps at stations. The protest underscores the need for a balanced approach to road safety laws, considering potential repercussions on drivers and public order.&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Image: For Representation
Reference: IE

Truckers nationwide called off their strike after the Ministry of Home Affairs assured consultation on the contentious hit-and-run provisions in the Bharatiya Nyay Sanhita. The strike highlighted the need to balance road safety laws with concerns of drivers and transporters.

Hit and Run New Law - UPSC Current Affairs 2024

In a significant development, the Indian government is poised to terminate the Free Movement Regime (FMR) along the international border with Myanmar. This regime, permitting individuals on either side of the border to traverse 16 km without a visa, will be replaced by an advanced smart fencing system, as announced by government sources.
&nbsp;
The decision to bid farewell to FMR comes with the initiation of the tendering process for a comprehensive smart fencing system along the entire India-Myanmar border. The ambitious project aims to complete the fencing within the next four and a half years, requiring all individuals entering to obtain a visa.
&nbsp;
<h4>National Security Threats</h4>
&nbsp;
The primary objective is to curtail the misuse of FMR, often exploited by insurgent groups for launching attacks on the Indian side before escaping into Myanmar. Additionally, the move seeks to stem the influx of illegal immigrants and curb activities like drug and gold smuggling.
&nbsp;
<h4>State's Request</h4>
&nbsp;
Manipur Chief Minister N Biren Singh had earlier urged the Centre to permanently discontinue FMR, emphasizing the need to combat illegal immigration. Singh also highlighted the state's efforts in implementing a National Register of Citizens and reinforcing the border with Myanmar, a region covering about 390 km, with only approximately 10 km currently fenced.
&nbsp;
<h4>What is Free Movement Regime (FMR)?</h4>
&nbsp;
The India-Myanmar border spans 1,643 km across the states of Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland, and Arunachal Pradesh. The FMR, a bilateral agreement established in 2018 under the Narendra Modi government's Act East policy, facilitated the movement of tribes residing along the border without a visa. However, concerns over misuse and security threats have prompted the decision to replace it with a technologically advanced fencing system.
&nbsp;
Originally planned for implementation in 2017, the FMR faced a deferment due to the Rohingya refugee crisis that unfolded in August of that year. As diplomatic relations between India and Myanmar flourished, the FMR became operational in 2018. Now, with the impending transition to a smart fencing system, India aims to enhance border security and regulate cross-border movements more effectively.
&nbsp;
Image: FB
Reference : IE

India is ending the Free Movement Regime (FMR) along the Myanmar border, opting for a smart fencing system to counter insurgent threats, illegal immigration, and smuggling. The decision follows Manipur's call for FMR discontinuation, emphasizing heightened border security efforts.

Free Movement Regime - UPSC Current Affairs 2024

The Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana, launched as part of the 'Beti Bachao Beti Padhao' campaign, stands as a beacon for securing the financial future of girl children in India. This small deposit scheme not only offers an attractive interest rate but also provides income tax rebates, making it a compelling avenue for investment.
&nbsp;
<h4>Benefits of the Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana</h4>
 1. Competitive Interest Rates: With interest rate, compounded annually, the scheme promises attractive returns. Investors also have the option for monthly interest pay-outs, calculated on the balance in completed thousands.
2. Triple Exempt Benefits: Under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act, 1961, the scheme enjoys triple exempt benefits. This means that the amount invested, interest earned, and the amount withdrawn are all exempt from taxation.
&nbsp;
<h4>Eligibility Criteria</h4>
 1.Parents or legal guardians can open accounts for up to two daughters aged below 10. 2.In the case of twin girls as a second birth or the first birth resulting in three girl children, three accounts are permissible. 3.Only one account can be opened in the name of a girl child. 4.The initial deposit is a minimum of Rs 250, with multiples of Rs 150 thereafter, and an annual ceiling of Rs 150,000 in a financial year. 5.The maximum period for making deposits is 15 years from the date of opening the account. 6.The account matures on completion of 21 years from the opening date or on the marriage of the account holder, whichever is earlier.
&nbsp;
<h4>Recent Developments</h4>
 The Narendra Modi government has increased the interest rates on Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana by 20 basis points for the January-March quarter, ahead of the Lok Sabha polls in 2024. This adjustment brings the interest rate to 8.2%, making it more lucrative investment option.
&nbsp;
<h4>Withdrawal and Maturity Rules</h4>
 Upon reaching 18 years of age, guardians can withdraw up to 50% of the balance annually. Withdrawals can be made in a single transaction or installments, with a maximum of one withdrawal per year and up to a limit of 5 years.
&nbsp;
Image: Pixabay

Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana, part of 'Beti Bachao Beti Padhao,' offers attractive interest rate, tax exemptions, and financial security for girl children. Recent rate hikes make it a compelling investment. With triple exempt benefits, the scheme empowers families to secure a prosperous future for their daughters.

Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana - UPSC Current Affairs 2024

New Moore Island, also known as South Talpatti or Purbasha Island, emerged as a small, uninhabited sandbar in the Bay of Bengal in the aftermath of the Bhola cyclone in 1970. Its disappearance in March 2010 marked the end of a geopolitical dispute between India and Bangladesh over its sovereignty.&nbsp;
&nbsp;
<h4>Geography and Emergence</h4>
 Situated just two kilometers from the mouth of the Hariabhanga River, New Moore Island was initially discovered by an American satellite in 1974, showcasing an area of 2,500 square meters. Over time, the island expanded to around 10,000 square meters at low tide. Despite its small size and minimal elevation, the island became a focal point of contention between India and Bangladesh.
&nbsp;
<h4>Dispute Over Sovereignty</h4>
 Both India and Bangladesh laid claim to New Moore Island, driven by the speculation of oil and natural gas in the region. The sovereignty issue was entangled in a larger dispute over the Radcliffe Award methodology, which aimed to settle the maritime boundary between the two nations. India even established a temporary base with Border Security Forces in 1981, regularly patrolling the area with naval gunboats.
The Radcliffe Award played a crucial role in defining the international boundary based on the 'mid-channel flow' principle or thalweg doctrine, with the Hariabhanga River serving as the reference. The disappearance of New Moore Island added complexity to the dispute, as the determination of its sovereignty could have influenced the maritime boundary negotiation.
&nbsp;
<h4>Conflicting Claims</h4>
 The disagreement intensified due to conflicting claims regarding the main channel's location around the island. India argued that detailed surveys in 1981 and subsequent charts favored the east side, while Bangladesh, referring to data from the late 1970s, asserted that the main current flowed on the western side. The shifting nature of river channels over time added another layer of complexity to the debate.
&nbsp;
<h4>Resolution at the Permanent Court of Arbitration</h4>
 In October 2009, the Government of Bangladesh filed a case at the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) to settle the dispute. The PCA delivered its final verdict in July 2014, awarding Bangladesh 19,467 square kilometers out of the disputed 25,000 square kilometers in the Bay of Bengal. The decision recognized India's sovereignty over New Moore Island, marking the end of the longstanding disagreement.
&nbsp;
Image: AI created representational image

New Moore Island, a disputed sandbar in the Bay of Bengal, emerged post-Bhola cyclone in 1970. Sovereignty claims by India and Bangladesh, based on oil speculation, led to a complex dispute. Resolved in 2014 by the Permanent Court of Arbitration, the island's disappearance in 2010 due to climate change added urgency to global warming concerns.

New Moore Island - UPSC Current Affairs 2024

Recent revelations from a joint investigation by Amnesty International and The Washington Post have alleged the use of the notorious Pegasus spyware by the Indian government against high-profile journalists. Developed by the Israeli firm NSO Group, Pegasus is a covert tool designed for remote installation on iOS and Android devices, enabling governments to access private messages, emails, photos, and even activate cameras. The impact of this revelation extends beyond India, as the Pegasus spyware has&nbsp;been employed globally for surveillance purposes.
&nbsp;
<h4>Targeting Indian Journalists</h4>
&nbsp;
Amnesty International highlighted that prominent journalists, including Siddharth Varadarajan of The Wire and Anand Mangnale of The Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP), fell victim to Pegasus on their iPhones. The Modi government faced accusations in 2021 of surveilling journalists, opposition figures, and activists, with leaked documents revealing over 1,000 Indian phone numbers targeted. Even Congress MP Rahul Gandhi found himself among those under surveillance.
&nbsp;
<h4>Government Denials and Supreme Court Probe</h4>
&nbsp;
Government denied engaging in "illegal surveillance." However, when faced with a Supreme Court probe into the allegations, the government refused to cooperate, leaving the findings undisclosed.&nbsp;
&nbsp;
<h4>Pegasus Impact on Opposition Leaders</h4>
&nbsp;
The controversial spyware also reached opposition leaders, with warnings from Apple about 'state-sponsored attackers' targeting their phones. Figures such as Trinamool Congress's Mahua Moitra, Shiv Sena's Priyanka Chaturvedi, Congress leaders Shashi Tharoor and Pawan Khera, and AAP's Raghav Chadha reported these security alerts. The union minister for information and technology expressed government "concerns" but provided no conclusive response.
&nbsp;
<h4>Understanding Pegasus Spyware</h4>
&nbsp;
Pegasus, developed by NSO Group, operates as a covert spyware infiltrating mobile phones. Originally marketed for combating crime and terrorism, governments worldwide have exploited it to surveil journalists, dissidents, and activists. Capable of extensive data extraction, Pegasus can read messages, track locations, access microphones and cameras, and infiltrate various apps, posing significant privacy concerns.
&nbsp;
<h4>Chronology of Pegasus</h4>
&nbsp;
NSO Group introduced Pegasus in 2011, emphasizing its use for criminal and national security investigations. The spyware's first public exposure occurred in 2016 when researchers captured it during an attempted attack on a human rights activist's iPhone. Subsequent investigations and leaks, including the Pegasus Project in July 2021, unveiled its global reach.
&nbsp;
<h4>Evolution of Pegasus Capabilities</h4>
&nbsp;
Pegasus has evolved, initially relying on spear-phishing and zero-day exploits. By 2023, it can remotely install on iOS through 16.0.3 using a zero-click exploit. The spyware shifted towards zero-click and network-based attacks, enabling clients to breach target phones without detection. Pegasus's persistent evolution challenges cybersecurity efforts.
&nbsp;
Reference source: The Mint

The Pegasus spyware, developed by Israel's NSO Group, has been allegedly used by the Indian government to surveil high-profile journalists and opposition figures, according to a joint investigation by Amnesty International and The Washington Post. The controversial tool, designed for remote phone infiltration, raises concerns about privacy, press freedom, and democratic values in India, echoing global debates on the ethical use of such technology.

Pegasus Spyware - UPSC Current Affairs 2024

Mudiyettu, a mesmerizing ritual dance drama from Kerala, weaves together myth, tradition, and community spirit in a grand spectacle that enacts the timeless battle between the goddess Kali and the formidable demon Darika. This ancient art form, deeply rooted in the cultural fabric of Kerala, has earned its place on UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, a testament to its significance and enduring appeal.
&nbsp;
<h4>The Mythical Tale of Kali and Darika</h4>
&nbsp;
At the heart of Mudiyettu lies the captivating myth of Darika, a demon blessed with invincibility by Brahma. His tyranny and power grew unchecked until the sage Narada sought the intervention of Lord Shiva. Shiva, cleverly bypassing Darika's immunity to mortal men, decreed that only the goddess Kali could vanquish him. This narrative sets the stage for Mudiyettu, where the divine battle unfolds through vibrant performances and intricate rituals.
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<h4>The Mudiyettu Ritual</h4>
&nbsp;
Mudiyettu is not merely a performance; it is a community ritual that involves the active participation of the entire village. Taking place after the summer harvest, villagers gather at the Bhagavati Kavus, the temples dedicated to the Mother Goddess. The day begins with fasting and prayer by the performers, followed by the creation of a colossal image of goddess Kali, known as kalam, using vibrant colored powders. This intricate drawing serves as the vessel through which the spirit of the goddess is invoked.
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<h4>The Performers and Their Roles</h4>
&nbsp;
The Mudiyettu stage comes alive with seven key characters, each donning elaborate costumes, headgears, and makeup. The goddess Bhadrakali, Darika, Lord Shiva, Sage Narada, Dhanavendran, Koyimbadan, and Kooli form a cast that brings forth a visual feast. The performers, with thunderous beats of traditional percussion instruments accompanying them, transport the audience to a realm where myth and reality intertwine seamlessly.
&nbsp;
<h4>The Dramatics Unveiled</h4>
&nbsp;
The intensity of Mudiyettu is accentuated by the brilliant portrayal of emotions. The interactions between Bhadrakali and the demons Darika and Dhanavendran showcase artistic prowess, with moments of fury and rage leaving the audience spellbound. The performance, presented as a musical dialogue, skillfully balances drama with humor, providing a holistic entertainment experience.
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<h4>Cultural Significance and UNESCO Recognition</h4>
&nbsp;
Mudiyettu's inclusion in UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity list in 2010 underscores its cultural and historical importance. Beyond the artistic spectacle, Mudiyettu serves as a cultural bridge, transmitting traditional values, ethics, and aesthetic norms to the younger generation. The responsibility of preserving this heritage lies with the elders and senior performers, who pass down their knowledge through the Guru-Shishya Parampara.
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Reference source: UNESCO, Kerala Tourism
Image: Kerala Tourism

Mudiyettu, a UNESCO-listed dance drama from Kerala, depicts the mythical battle between goddess Kali and demon Darika. This vibrant ritual, performed annually in Bhagavati Kavus, involves the entire village. With elaborate costumes and community collaboration, Mudiyettu is a captivating cultural spectacle, transmitting tradition and values across generations.

Mudiyettu - UPSC Current Affairs 2024

In a remarkable turn of events, the elusive Namdapha flying squirrel (Biswamoyopterus biswasi) has reappeared in Arunachal Pradesh after a mysterious 42-year absence. This rare nocturnal species, last documented in 1981 in the Namdapha Tiger Reserve, has sparked excitement among conservationists and wildlife enthusiasts.
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<h4>About the Namdapha Flying Squirrel</h4>
 The Namdapha flying squirrel, distinct from the red giant flying squirrel, has reddish, grizzled fur with a prominent tuft of hair on its ears. Its patagium, or the membrane supporting its flight, is orangish, and it exhibits white underparts. With a Critical Endangered listing on the IUCN Red List and protected under the Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act, 2022, the species faces imminent threats from habitat loss caused by human settlements and agricultural activities.
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<h4>Namdapha Tiger Reserve</h4>
 Namdapha Tiger Reserve, established in 1983, stands as the 15th Tiger Project in India. Evolving from a Wildlife Sanctuary in 1972 to a National Park in 1983, it became a Tiger Reserve in the same year under the Project Tiger initiative. Located between the Dapha bum range of the Mishmi Hills and the Patkai range in Arunachal Pradesh, Namdapha is a biodiversity hotspot with a sub-tropical climate.
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Image: AI created representational image

The Namdapha flying squirrel, missing for 42 years, recently resurfaced in Arunachal Pradesh, igniting conservation enthusiasm. Endemic to Namdapha Tiger Reserve, it faces threats from habitat loss. This critically endangered species, distinct with reddish fur, holds significance for biodiversity preservation, emphasizing the urgency of ongoing conservation efforts.

Namdapha Flying Squirrel - UPSC Current Affairs 2024

In a significant move towards women's empowerment, the Ministry of Women and Child Development announced an initiative under Mission Shakti in July 2022. The National Creche Scheme underwent a transformation, emerging as the Palna Scheme, a crucial component of the 'Samarthya' sub-scheme under Mission Shakti. This initiative aims to revolutionize child care, specifically targeting the children of working women, both in rural and urban areas, fostering holistic development and enabling increased workforce participation.
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<h4>Palna Scheme</h4>
 The Palna Scheme introduces Anganwadi cum Creches, redefining the traditional cr&egrave;che concept. These facilities offer parents a secure environment for their children while they work, focusing on stimulating the child's holistic development up to the age of 6. The government's ambitious plan is to establish 17,000 Cr&egrave;ches across the country, addressing the needs of children and working mothers simultaneously.
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<h4>Objectives&nbsp;</h4>
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1. Provide day-care facilities for children aged 6 months to 6 years of working mothers. 2. Enhance nutrition and health status of children. 3. Promote physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development through holistic approaches. 4. Educate and empower parents/caregivers for improved childcare.
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<h4>Services</h4>
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The comprehensive package of services includes daycare facilities, early stimulation, pre-school education, supplementary nutrition, growth monitoring, and health check-ups. With operations spanning 26 days a month for seven and a half hours per day, the scheme accommodates the diverse work schedules of mothers.
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<h4>User Charges</h4>
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To ensure the sustainability of the program and community ownership, user charges are introduced based on income levels. The government provides recurring and non-recurring grants to support the establishment and maintenance of these cr&egrave;ches. The fees range from Rs 20 to Rs 200 per child per month, catering to different income groups.
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<h4>Implementing Agencies</h4>
 Implementation is entrusted to state governments, which may collaborate with voluntary and non-governmental organizations for effective execution, ensuring adherence to standardized operating procedures.
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<h4>Approval</h4>
 As of now, the government has approved 5,222 out of the targeted 17,000 Cr&egrave;ches (37% increase in 2022).
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Image: iiitl.ac.in

Mission Shakti's Palna Scheme, initiated by the Ministry of Women and Child Development, transforms child care by introducing Anganwadi cum Creches. With a goal of establishing 17,000 Crèches, the scheme aims to empower working mothers, providing holistic child development and fostering women's increased participation in the workforce.

Palna Scheme - UPSC Current Affairs 2024

The Red Sea is an inlet of the Indian Ocean situated between Africa and Asia. It stands out as one of the most saline bodies of water globally, with notable bordering countries including Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Sudan, Eritrea, and Djibouti. The sea is connected to the Indian Ocean in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden. To the north, it is bordered by the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Gulf of Suez, leading to the Suez Canal. Geographically, it occupies a part of the Great Rift Valley, specifically the Afro-Arabian Rift Valley.
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<h4>Recent Events</h4>
 The Red Sea has been in the spotlight due to recent events, notably the conflict in Yemen between the internationally recognized government, supported by a Saudi-led military coalition, and Houthi rebels backed by Iran. Another event includes the Suez Canal jam. Additionally, there has been the first joint naval exercise involving the US, UAE, Bahrain, and Israel.
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Recent attacks on ships in the Red Sea trade route have raised concerns. A drone attack on the chemical tanker MV Chem Pluto, about 200 nautical miles off the coast of Gujarat, has impacted Indian oil importers and exporters of commodities like basmati and tea. The attacks, carried out by Yemen-based Houthi rebels, are in protest of Israel&rsquo;s military offensive in Gaza.
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This situation has heightened tensions and could impact global trade significantly. The Red Sea is a crucial route for world trade, and disruptions can have widespread implications. The ongoing issues at the Suez Canal and the Panama Canal further compound concerns for global goods trade.
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<h4>Impact on World Trade</h4>
 Maritime transport disruption is a significant concern for the world economy, as over 80% of global goods trade relies on sea routes. Blockages in crucial shipping routes like the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait and the Panama Canal force ships to take longer alternate routes, increasing freight rates. The Red Sea route disruption is estimated to raise prices for Indian agricultural products by 10 to 20%, affecting global and Indian exporters.&nbsp;The ongoing disruptions in these key maritime channels have led to increased war risk surcharges, impacting freight rates for Indian shipments.
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Despite these challenges, there's a notable resilience in oil flows to India, particularly from Russia, due to geopolitical alliances. However, the potential for increased freight rates poses a concern for India's export-driven sectors, including textiles and gems.
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Reference source: Indian Express

The Red Sea, a vital trade route, faces disruptions from recent attacks and canal issues. Yemen-based Houthi rebels, protesting Israel's actions, heighten tensions. Global trade, particularly via the Suez and Panama Canals, is at risk, impacting freight rates and Indian exports. Geopolitical alliances secure oil flows, but challenges persist.

Red Sea - UPSC Current Affairs 2024

<h4>Latest update</h4>
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India and Russia have taken a significant step forward in their collaboration on the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant (KKNPP), the largest nuclear power station in India located in Tamil Nadu. External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar announced the signing of crucial agreements related to the construction of future units at Kudankulam NPP during his visit to Russia, underscoring the nations' commitment to enhancing their partnership in defense, space, and nuclear energy. The expansion aims to bolster the plant's capacity, making it a vital contributor to India's electricity generation.
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<h4>Unit 1 construction began in 2002</h4>
 The Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant project, initiated in 1988, faced numerous challenges, including opposition from local communities and international objections. Despite setbacks, construction began in 2002, with Unit 1 synchronizing with the power grid in 2013. The subsequent units faced delays due to various factors, including changes in technology and increased construction costs.
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<h4>Expansion Details</h4>
 The KKNPP expansion involves the construction of Units 3 and 4, with a budget of ₹39,849 crore (US$5.38 billion). Additionally, Units 5 and 6, with a budget of ₹49,621 crore (US$6.7 billion), are also in the pipeline. The latest agreements signify the commitment of both nations to the successful completion of these units, contributing significantly to India's power generation capabilities.
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<h4>Existing Units</h4>
 The existing units, KKNPP-1 and KKNPP-2, have been operational since 2013 and 2016, respectively, generating electricity at their warranted limits. The power generated by these units is distributed among several states, including Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, and Puducherry. Plans to increase the plant's capability to 6,000 MW upon the completion of Units 3 to 6 highlight India's commitment to expanding its nuclear energy infrastructure.
&nbsp;
<h4>Challenges and Opposition</h4>
 Throughout its history, the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant has faced opposition from local communities and environmental activists. Concerns about safety and the aftermath of nuclear disasters, such as the Fukushima Daiichi incident, led to protests and legal challenges. However, the plant's supporters, including government officials and experts, have consistently emphasized its safety features and economic significance.
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<h4>Cybersecurity Concerns</h4>
 The KKNPP also faced a cybersecurity challenge in 2019 when malware linked to the North Korea-based Lazarus Group was identified in the administrative network. While the critical internal network remained secure, the incident highlighted the importance of robust cybersecurity measures for critical infrastructure.
&nbsp;
<h4>Future Collaborations</h4>
 Apart from the agreements related to the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant, India and Russia are exploring broader collaborations. Negotiations on a free trade agreement between India and the Eurasian Economic Zone are set to commence in-person discussions by the end of January, showcasing the multifaceted nature of India-Russia partnership.
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Image Credit : International Atomic Energy Agency / Petr Pavlicek

India and Russia have signed pivotal agreements for the expansion of the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant, marking a significant milestone in their collaboration. The project, India's largest nuclear power station, aims to enhance electricity generation capacity with the construction of Units 3 to 6. The agreements underscore the nations' commitment to advancing nuclear energy and strengthening strategic ties.

Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant - UPSC Current Affairs 2024

The Viksit Bharat Sankalp Yatra, initiated on November 15 from Khunti, Jharkhand, and expanded to states like Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Telangana, and Mizoram, is a government effort to increase awareness and participation in central schemes.
&nbsp;
<h4>According to the scheme&rsquo;s website, it has four aims:&nbsp;</h4>
&nbsp;
1.Reaching out to the vulnerable eligible for various schemes but yet to avail benefits
2.Disseminating information and generating awareness about schemes
3.Interacting with beneficiaries through personal stories and experience sharing
4.Enrolling potential beneficiaries.
&nbsp;
Active involvement of various Union ministries and state governments underscores its comprehensive reach. On December 16, PM Modi flagged off the Yatra in states where Assembly polls were recently held. In a month, it covered over 2.50 crore citizens across 68,000 Gram Panchayats. The 'Sankalp' initiative, allowing individuals to pledge commitment by filling out a form on the scheme&rsquo;s website, garnered nearly 2 crore pledges. Additionally, 'Meri Kahani Meri Zubani' had over 2 Crore beneficiaries sharing their experiences, illustrating the tangible impact of central government schemes.
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The Yatra intends to garner extensive coverage and to empower citizens, enabling them to actively participate in the nation's development journey. As citizens download certificates after taking the 'Sankalp,' Viksit Bharat Sankalp Yatra stands as a testament to government's commitment to inclusive growth and citizen engagement.
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Image: viksitbharatsankalp.gov.in

The Viksit Bharat Sankalp Yatra, a government initiative, aims to ensure the reach of flagship central schemes to every eligible citizen. Launched in November, it has covered over 2.50 crore citizens across 68,000 Gram Panchayats in just a month. The initiative fosters awareness, engagement, and pledges for inclusive development.

Viksit Bharat Sankalp Yatra - UPSC Current Affairs 2024

Prime Minister Narendra Modi unveiled the Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM-JANMAN) on November 15, allocating a significant budget of ₹24,000 crores over three years. However, the December 15 plenary session revealed a prerequisite &ndash; ensuring all intended PVTG beneficiaries possess essential documentation. This led to the launch of a nationwide IEC campaign starting December 25, 2023.
<h4>&nbsp;</h4>
<h4>IEC Campaign for the PVTGs</h4>
&nbsp;
In a significant stride towards inclusive development, the Indian government has launched a comprehensive Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) campaign for the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) under the PM-JANMAN package. This initiative, kickstarted on December 25, aims to achieve Aadhaar, caste certificate, and Jan Dhan account saturation across 15,000 PVTG habitations in 100 districts within a week.
&nbsp;
<h4>11 Key interventions in targeted habitations</h4>
&nbsp;
The Tribal Affairs Ministry, overseeing this campaign, disclosed that the targeted habitations are estimated to house over 28 lakh people across 18 states and the Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The PM-JANMAN package integrates 11 key interventions from nine ministries, focusing on essentials like pucca homes, electrification, road and telecom connectivity, and more.
&nbsp;
<h4>Inter-departmental collaboration</h4>
&nbsp;
The campaign's detailed action plan involves collaboration with UIDAI, CSC, Ministry of Agriculture, and PMJAY, targeting the saturation of Aadhaar, caste certificates, and Jan Dhan accounts within one week. The focus is on areas where many PVTG families lack basic documentation.
&nbsp;
To enhance awareness, the campaign includes the production of pamphlets, videos, wall paintings, jingles, and cultural programs in local and tribal languages. District-level officers, each assigned one district, will supervise these efforts, ensuring effective implementation.
&nbsp;
The government has also initiated a social media campaign with hashtags like #EmpoweringTribalsTransformingIndia and #PMJANMAN, fostering broader online dialogue around the campaign.
&nbsp;
<h4>Tribal Affair's Minister&nbsp;</h4>
&nbsp;
In parallel, the Union Minister of Tribal Affairs and Agriculture &amp; Farmers Welfare, Arjun Munda, emphasized the government's commitment to universal health coverage, leaving no one behind. He highlighted key initiatives like the Ayushman Bharat &ndash; Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana, the National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Programme, and the Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan.
&nbsp;
Arjun Munda highlighted the significant achievements in the healthcare sector, emphasizing the government's commitment to creating a healthy nation. The Ayushman Arogya Mandirs, medical colleges, Jan Aushadhi stores, and reduced prices of medical essentials showcase the transformative strides in healthcare.
&nbsp;
<h4>Ayushman Bharat scheme</h4>
&nbsp;
The Ayushman Bharat scheme, launched in 2018, provides health security to over 55 crore beneficiaries, offering insurance cover of ₹5 lakh per annum. The National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Programme, launched on July 1, 2023, aims to screen over 8 crore tribals for SCA.
&nbsp;
The recent approval of Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan, with a total outlay of ₹24,104 crores, underscores the government's determination to uplift the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups. This comprehensive initiative, aimed at ensuring basic facilities, marks a paradigm shift towards holistic development.
&nbsp;
The PM-JANMAN (comprising Central Sector and Centrally Sponsored Schemes) to focus on 11 critical interventions through 9 Ministries including Ministry of Tribal Affairs which are as follows:
&nbsp;
<div class="scroll-container">
<table style="width: 685px;" width="670">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 71.425px;" width="66">1</td>
<td style="width: 193.95px;" width="186">Provision of pucca houses</td>
<td style="width: 187.825px;" width="180">4.90 lakh</td>
<td style="width: 176.6px;" width="169">Rs 2.39 lakhs /house</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 71.425px;" width="66">2</td>
<td style="width: 193.95px;" width="186">Connecting roads</td>
<td style="width: 187.825px;" width="180">8000 KM</td>
<td style="width: 176.6px;" width="169">&nbsp;Rs 1.00 Cr/Km</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 71.425px;" width="66">3a</td>
<td style="width: 193.95px;" width="186">Piped Water Supply/</td>
<td style="width: 187.825px;" width="180">All PVTG habitations including 4.90 lakhs HHs to be constructed under the mission</td>
<td style="width: 176.6px;" width="169">As per schematic norms</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 71.425px;" width="66">3b</td>
<td style="width: 193.95px;" width="186">Community water supply</td>
<td style="width: 187.825px;" width="180">2500 Villages/ habitations with population of less than 20 HHs</td>
<td style="width: 176.6px;" width="169">As per actual cost arrived</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 71.425px;" width="66">4</td>
<td style="width: 193.95px;" width="186">Mobile Medical Units with medicine cost</td>
<td style="width: 187.825px;" width="180">1000 (10/district)</td>
<td style="width: 176.6px;" width="169">Rs 33.88.00 lakhs/MMU</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 71.425px;" width="66">5a</td>
<td style="width: 193.95px;" width="186">Construction of hostels</td>
<td style="width: 187.825px;" width="180">500</td>
<td style="width: 176.6px;" width="169">Rs 2.75 Cr/hostel</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 71.425px;" width="66">5b</td>
<td style="width: 193.95px;" width="186">Vocational education &amp; skilling</td>
<td style="width: 187.825px;" width="180">60 Aspirational PVTG blocks</td>
<td style="width: 176.6px;" width="169">Rs 50 lakhs/block</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 71.425px;" width="66">6</td>
<td style="width: 193.95px;" width="186">Construction of Anganwadi Centers</td>
<td style="width: 187.825px;" width="180">2500</td>
<td style="width: 176.6px;" width="169">Rs 12 lakhs/AWC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 71.425px;" width="66">7</td>
<td style="width: 193.95px;" width="186">Construction of Multipurpose Centers (MPC)</td>
<td style="width: 187.825px;" width="180">1000</td>
<td style="width: 176.6px;" width="169">Rs 60 lakhs/MPC Provision of ANM and Anganwadi worker in each MPC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 71.425px;" width="66">8a</td>
<td style="width: 193.95px;" width="186">Energization of HHs (Last mile connectivity)</td>
<td style="width: 187.825px;" width="180">57000 HHs</td>
<td style="width: 176.6px;" width="169">Rs 22,500/HH</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 71.425px;" width="66">8b</td>
<td style="width: 193.95px;" width="186">Provision of 0.3 KW solar off-grid system</td>
<td style="width: 187.825px;" width="180">100000 HHs</td>
<td style="width: 176.6px;" width="169">Rs 50,000/HH or as per actual cost</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 71.425px;" width="66">9</td>
<td style="width: 193.95px;" width="186">Solar lighting in streets &amp; MPCs</td>
<td style="width: 187.825px;" width="180">1500 units</td>
<td style="width: 176.6px;" width="169">Rs 1,00,000/unit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 71.425px;" width="66">10</td>
<td style="width: 193.95px;" width="186">Setting up of VDVKs</td>
<td style="width: 187.825px;" width="180">500</td>
<td style="width: 176.6px;" width="169">Rs 15 lakhs/VDVK</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 71.425px;" width="66">11</td>
<td style="width: 193.95px;" width="186">Installation of mobile towers</td>
<td style="width: 187.825px;" width="180">3000 villages</td>
<td style="width: 176.6px;" width="169">As per schematic norms cost</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
&nbsp;
Reference source: PIB, The Hindu
</div>

The Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan, with a financial outlay of ₹24,000 crores, focuses on 75 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) left out by various ministries/departments. This mission addresses 11 critical interventions related to 9 key ministries, with tribal health as a central focus.

 PM-JANMAN - UPSC Current Affairs 2024

In the relentless battle against the evolving landscape of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Indian SARS-CoV-2 Genomics Consortium (INSACOG) emerges as a beacon of scientific collaboration. Jointly initiated by the Union Health Ministry, the Department of Biotechnology, the Council for Scientific &amp; Industrial Research (CSIR), and the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), INSACOG is a formidable consortium comprising 54 laboratories. Its mission: to monitor the genomic variations in the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
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<h4>Multi-laboratory, multi-agency, Pan-India network</h4>
 Established as a multi-laboratory, multi-agency, Pan-India network, INSACOG employs a sentinel sequencing effort facilitated by the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), Delhi. This initiative, operating under the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP), meticulously analyzes data from genome sequencing laboratories. The goal? To understand the linkages between genomic variants and epidemiological trends, shedding light on super spreader events, outbreaks, and ultimately fortifying public health interventions.
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<h4>Correlate genomic data with field data trends</h4>
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The real strength of INSACOG lies in its ability to correlate genomic data with field data trends, patient symptoms, and IDSP data. This comprehensive approach offers a nuanced understanding of viral infection dynamics, morbidity, mortality trends, and the impact of COVID-19 on a population. The consortium's work extends beyond merely tracking virus variations; it delves into host genomics, immunology, clinical outcomes, and risk factors, presenting a holistic outlook on the pandemic.
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<h4>Addressing Reinfections and Vaccine Breakthroughs</h4>
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As reported cases of reinfection and vaccine breakthroughs emerge, INSACOG stands at the forefront, actively sequencing samples. The consortium aims to establish a systematic correlation between genome sequencing and clinical outcomes, providing valuable insights into the effectiveness of vaccines and the virus's ability to mutate.
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<h4>Hospital Network and Clinical Correlations</h4>
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In its pursuit of a deeper understanding of COVID-19, INSACOG has established a nationwide Hospital network. This arm of the consortium focuses on studying clinical correlations in mild versus severe cases, conducting longitudinal studies to comprehend long-term post-COVID complications, and investigating changes in immunity. These efforts contribute significantly to understanding the mysteries surrounding the virus's impact on individuals over time.
&nbsp;
<h4>Future Endeavors</h4>
&nbsp;
Looking ahead, INSACOG is poised to expand its scope by incorporating sewage surveillance. This innovative approach serves as a quick and early detection tool, enabling the assessment of variant spread in hotspot localities with increased positivity rates.

INSACOG, India's collaborative effort in battling COVID-19, comprises 54 labs tracking SARS-CoV-2 genomic variations. Linked with epidemiological data, it decodes virus behavior, aids public health strategies, and explores long-term impacts. 

INSACOG - UPSC Current Affairs 2024

In the ever-evolving landscape of international relations and global security, the Colombo Security Conclave (CSC) recently achieved a significant milestone in its 6th National Security Adviser (NSA)-level meeting held in Mauritius. This gathering, involving member nations India, Mauritius, and Sri Lanka, alongside observer countries Seychelles and Bangladesh, delved into critical discussions on fortifying regional security against the backdrop of the strategically vital Indian Ocean.
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<h4>Formation of CSC:</h4>
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Established in 2011 as a trilateral maritime security alliance comprising India, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives, the CSC has undergone significant expansion. Welcoming Mauritius as a fourth member and hosting Bangladesh and Seychelles as observers, it has transformed into a dynamic platform for fostering cooperation.
&nbsp;
<h4>Goals:</h4>
 The CSC's 5th meeting of national security advisers (NSA) outlined a comprehensive agenda focused on 5 pivotal pillars. These pillars encompass:
 1. Maritime Safety and Security 2. Countering Terrorism and Radicalization 3. Combating Trafficking and Transnational Organized Crime 4. Cyber Security, Protection of Critical Infrastructure, and Technology 5. Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief
&nbsp;
<h4>6th NSA-level meeting:</h4>
&nbsp;
The 6th NSA-level meeting culminated in a unanimous agreement on a comprehensive Roadmap of Activities for 2024. This signifies the unwavering commitment of member nations to collaboratively work towards enhancing regional security and stability. The roadmap serves as a blueprint for the collective efforts that will unfold in the coming year.
&nbsp;
<h4>Significance and Countering China:</h4>
 Positioned as India's outreach to the Indian Ocean, the CSC carries immense significance in fostering regional cooperation and aligning security objectives. Notably, it seeks to curtail China's influence in strategically important areas, aiming to reduce the Chinese footprint in member countries.
&nbsp;
<h4>Maritime Security and Synergy with SAGAR Vision:</h4>
 With India boasting a vast coastline of nearly 7500 km and islands serving as strategic chokepoints, maritime security emerges as a top priority. The CSC seamlessly aligns with India's SAGAR vision &ndash; "Security and Growth for all in the Region" &ndash; and complements India's role in the QUAD grouping.
&nbsp;
<h4>Emerging Sub-regionalism:</h4>
 The coming together of the six Indian Ocean region countries signifies the rise of sub-regionalism. This collaboration on a common maritime and security platform holds not only regional significance but also contributes to the broader global context.
&nbsp;
<h4>Challenges and Lessons from SAARC:</h4>
 While the strategic interests of CSC member countries align in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), there's a cautionary tale from the fate of the South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation (SAARC). Attempts to institutionalize the CSC solely to counter China's influence could lead to challenges reminiscent of SAARC's perceived failure.
&nbsp;
<h4>Conclusion:</h4>
 Addressing the pressing need for regional cooperation in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), the CSC's success hinges on maintaining a common strategic vision. It must avoid succumbing to the complexities of growing Chinese influence and acknowledge the IOR's evolution into a global common.
&nbsp;
Image: MoD Sri Lanka

The Colombo Security Conclave (CSC), a trilateral maritime security alliance formed in 2011, achieved a milestone in its 6th National Security Adviser (NSA)-level meeting in Mauritius. Comprising India, Mauritius, Sri Lanka, with Seychelles and Bangladesh as observers, discussions centered on fortifying regional security. 

Colombo Security Conclave - UPSC Current Affairs 2024

Introduction:
 In a significant move to bolster Vietnam's naval capabilities, India presented its indigenously-built missile corvette, INS Kirpan, as a gift. The exchange took place during bilateral talks between India's Defence Minister Rajnath Singh and his Vietnamese counterpart General Phan Van Gang on June 19. This blog explores the implications of this gesture and the broader India-Vietnam defence partnership.
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Deepening Defence Cooperation:
 The meeting between the two Defence Ministers aimed to review and enhance various bilateral defence cooperation initiatives. Both sides expressed satisfaction with the ongoing engagements, focusing on collaboration in defence industries and maritime security. The visit included discussions at the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) headquarters, exploring avenues for joint production and defence research cooperation.
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INS Kirpan: A Powerful Asset:
 INS Kirpan, a Khukri class missile corvette, has been an integral part of the Indian Navy since its commissioning on January 12, 1991. With a displacement of approximately 1,400 tonnes, a length of 91 metres, and a beam of 11 metres, this formidable vessel boasts a top speed of over 25 knots. It is equipped with a medium-range gun, 30 mm close-range guns, chaff launchers, and surface-to-surface missiles. These features enable the INS Kirpan to perform various roles, including coastal and offshore patrol, coastal security, surface warfare, anti-piracy operations, and Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) operations.
&nbsp;
Strengthening Defence Ties:
 The gift of INS Kirpan is a testament to the strengthening defence ties between India and Vietnam. In June 2022, both countries signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on mutual logistics support. Additionally, the Defence Ministers signed the "Joint Vision Statement on India-Vietnam defence partnership towards 2030." These agreements significantly expand the scope and scale of defence cooperation, highlighting Vietnam's importance as a partner in India's 'Act East' policy and the Indo-Pacific vision.
&nbsp;
Investing in Vietnam's Defence:
 India has demonstrated its commitment to Vietnam's defence modernization through various initiatives. In 2014, India extended a $100 million Line of Credit (LoC) to procure 12 high-speed patrol boats for the Vietnamese border guard force. Another $500 million defence LoC was granted in 2016, with ongoing discussions to identify additional equipment. Furthermore, India announced the gifting of simulators and a monetary grant to establish a Language and IT Lab at the Air Force Officers Training School, contributing to capacity building in the Vietnamese armed forces.
&nbsp;
Comprehensive Strategic Partnership:
 India and Vietnam have shared a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership since 2016, with defence cooperation forming a key pillar of this alliance. Vietnam's role in India's 'Act East' policy and the Indo-Pacific vision emphasizes their mutual strategic interests. The gift of INS Kirpan not only strengthens Vietnam's naval capabilities but also serves as a symbol of the deepening bonds between the two nations.
&nbsp;
Conclusion:
 The gifting of INS Kirpan by India to Vietnam signifies a significant milestone in their defence partnership. This gesture, along with other collaborative initiatives, reinforces the strategic alliance between the two nations. As India and Vietnam continue to enhance their defence cooperation, the Indo-Pacific region can expect to witness a stronger and more secure maritime environment.
&nbsp;
Based on a report in The Hindu titled 'India gifts missile corvette INS Kirpan to Vietnam'
Image: Indian Navy

India gifted the indigenous missile corvette INS Kirpan to Vietnam, bolstering their naval capabilities. The move highlights the deepening defence partnership between the two countries and strengthens their collaboration in maritime security and defence industry cooperation.

INS Kirpan - UPSC Current Affairs

In the depths of the northern Indian subcontinent, parts of Southeast Asia, and southern China, resides a remarkable creature known as the Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla). This scaly anteater has captured the attention of conservationists worldwide due to its critical status as a critically endangered species. With its distinctive appearance, unique characteristics, and numerous threats, the Chinese pangolin stands as a symbol of the urgent need for conservation efforts.
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The Chinese pangolin possesses an intriguing set of features. Covered in grayish-blue scales, it exhibits a body length ranging from 40 to 58 cm (16 to 23 in), complemented by a tail measuring 25 to 38 cm (9.8 to 15.0 in). Adult pangolins weigh between 2 to 7 kilograms (4.4 to 15.4 lb) and boast 18 rows of scales intertwined with hair, a rarity among mammals. Females give birth to a single offspring, which they carefully carry on their back or tail.&nbsp;
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This elusive creature is primarily nocturnal, utilizing its slow movements and protective scales as defense mechanisms against potential predators. When threatened, the Chinese pangolin curls into a tight ball, a behavior known as "volvation." It feeds mainly on insects, particularly termites and ants, excavating their nests with its powerful fore claws and extracting them using its long, sticky tongue. Pangolins also construct burrows for sleeping and hunting.
&nbsp;
The Chinese pangolin faces numerous threats that have pushed it to the brink of extinction. The illegal wildlife trade, driven by the demand for its meat and scales, poses the most significant danger. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) attributes various healing properties to pangolin scales, leading to their extensive use despite alternative ingredients being available. Legislation and protective measures have been implemented across range countries, including China, India, Nepal, and others, but the enforcement and effectiveness of these laws remain challenging.
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Conservation efforts have been initiated by organizations such as the IUCN SSC Pangolin Specialist Group and the China Biodiversity Conservation and Green Development Foundation. These initiatives aim to raise awareness, conduct research, and combat poaching through monitoring, demand reduction strategies, and incentives for local communities. Additionally, advances in DNA analysis and barcoding may contribute to the identification of suitable substitutes for traditional medicine and aid in the detection of illegal trade.
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The Chinese pangolin is not merely a fascinating creature but a symbol of the urgent need to protect and conserve Earth's biodiversity. With its critically endangered status and ongoing threats from poaching and habitat loss, immediate action is imperative. Through collaborative efforts, public awareness, and innovative conservation strategies, we can strive to safeguard this incredible species and ensure a sustainable future for the Chinese pangolin and other vulnerable wildlife.
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Image credit: <a class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/people/50838842@N06" rel="nofollow">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Headquarters</a>&nbsp;-&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/usfwshq/29054818144/" rel="nofollow">Manis pentadactyla</a>

The Chinese pangolin, a critically endangered species, is a scaly anteater native to Southeast Asia and southern China. It faces severe threats due to poaching for the illegal wildlife trade and its scales being used in traditional Chinese medicine. Conservation efforts are underway to protect this unique mammal.

Chinese Pangolin - UPSC Current Affairs 

Roaming the expansive grasslands of Africa, the cheetah emerges as a true marvel of the animal kingdom. With lightning speed and breathtaking agility, it reigns as the fastest mammal on land. Capable of reaching mind-boggling speeds of 60 to 70 miles per hour, the cheetah is a true sprinting champion. However, its hunting prowess lies not only in its velocity but also in its strategic restraint. While it can achieve such impressive speeds, it typically conserves its energy and pursues prey at around half that velocity.
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Scientifically known as Acinonyx jubatus, these magnificent creatures belong to the feline family, making them true carnivores. With an average lifespan of up to 14 years in the wild and up to 20 years in captivity, cheetahs exemplify both grace and resilience. Standing at a body length of 3.7 to 4.6 feet, complemented by a tail length of two to 2.7 feet, they possess a slender and sleek physique. Weighing between 77 to 143 pounds, they strike a perfect balance between strength and agility.
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Cheetahs' bodies are marvels of evolutionary design, specially adapted to propel them to astonishing speeds. Their long and slender limbs, along with hard foot pads, provide a solid foundation for rapid acceleration. A flexible spine enables elongated strides, allowing them to cover remarkable distances in a single bound. It is this combination of physical attributes that sets the cheetah apart as a true speedster of the animal kingdom.
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But it is their distinctive coat that truly captivates the eye. Adorned in tawny hues with an abundance of black spots, each cheetah possesses a unique pattern, akin to a fingerprint, which aids in individual recognition. Striking black tear-like streaks trace their way from the inner corners of their eyes down to the sides of their mouths, accentuating their piercing gaze. Their bushy tails, tipped with black rings, serve as a visual signal of their presence. With their coat blending seamlessly with the tall, dry grass of their habitat, these camouflaged felines become elusive masters of disguise.
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Eyesight plays a pivotal role in a cheetah's hunting success. Their keen vision allows them to spot prey during the daytime, as they scan the savannah with precision. The combination of exceptional speed, stealth, and sharp eyesight makes the cheetah an apex predator. However, despite their classification as formidable "big cats," cheetahs lack the ability to roar like their counterparts. Instead, they communicate through various vocalizations, including purring, hissing, and chirping.
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While cheetahs primarily prefer the vast open grasslands, they exhibit adaptability to a range of habitats across eastern and southern Africa. From savannahs to arid plains, these majestic felines have found their niche. Their diet consists of small- to medium-sized animals, such as hares, impalas, wildebeest calves, and gazelles. By hunting and culling populations of these prey species, cheetahs play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance within their ecosystems.
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Tragically, the future of these incredible creatures hangs in the balance. Once found throughout Asia and Africa, cheetahs now face the daunting threat of extinction. The loss of their natural habitat and the dwindling numbers of their prey compound the challenges they confront. Urgent conservation efforts are essential to safeguard the survival of cheetahs and preserve their rightful place as one of nature's most extraordinary creations. Together, we must strive to protect these remarkable beings and secure a future where they can continue to grace the plains with their unparalleled elegance.
&nbsp;
Image credit: Tasnim News Agency

The cheetah, nature's speed champion, dashes across the African plains at astonishing speeds of up to 70 mph. With its sleek physique, unique coat, and sharp eyesight, this magnificent feline is an emblem of grace and agility in the animal kingdom.

Cheetah - UPSC Current Affairs

The binturong, also known as the bearcat, is a fascinating and unique creature native to South and Southeast Asia. Despite its elusive nature and declining population, it captivates the imagination with its distinct characteristics and ecological importance.
&nbsp;
Derived from the Western Malayo-Polynesian root "ma-tuRun," the name "binturong" reflects its common moniker in Borneo. The scientific name Arctictis binturong originates from the Greek words "arkt-" meaning bear and "iktis" meaning weasel. The binturong stands as the sole member of the Arctictis genus.
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With its stout legs, long body, and thick coat of coarse black hair, the binturong possesses a distinct appearance. Its prehensile tail, tapering gradually and curving inward at the tip, aids in its arboreal lifestyle. Notably, the binturong exhibits unique features such as a short, pointed muzzle covered in bristly hairs, large black eyes, and rounded ears with tufts of black hair. Its dental structure includes incisors, canines, and molars. The binturong's size and weight vary, with females weighing around 21.9 kg (48 lb) and males around 19.3 kg (43 lb) on average.
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The binturong's range spans from India, Nepal, and Bangladesh to Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. It prefers tall forests and is often found in foothills and hills with ample tree cover. Although it inhabits various habitats, it shows a preference for primary and secondary lowland forests.
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Active during both day and night, the binturong displays crepuscular and nocturnal tendencies. Its movement between trees is aided by its tail, which also serves as a communication tool. While primarily arboreal, it can descend to the ground when necessary. The binturong exhibits comfort behaviors, such as grooming, shaking, and scratching. Figs constitute a significant part of its diet, while it also consumes small mammals, birds, insects, and fruits.
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Sexual maturity is reached at around 27.7 to 30.4 months, with females having an estrous cycle lasting 18 to 187 days. Gestation ranges from 84 to 99 days, resulting in litters of one to six young. The binturong faces threats from habitat loss, deforestation, and hunting. Efforts for its conservation include legal protection, awareness campaigns, and captive breeding programs.
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The binturong, with its striking appearance and ecological significance, stands as a unique and captivating species. Understanding and conserving this remarkable creature is crucial to ensure its survival and preserve the biodiversity of its natural habitat.
&nbsp;
Image credit: Carlos Delgado

The binturong, also known as the bearcat, is a unique mammal native to South and Southeast Asia. With its long, bushy tail, distinctive appearance, and omnivorous diet, it plays an important role in seed dispersal and is a focus of conservation efforts.

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